Vaccine Ingredients and Vaccine Secrets by Sarah Corriher

There has been much recent concern regarding vaccines given to children and their side effects. Particularly highlighted is the link between early childhood vaccines and autism. What follows will be a list of known ingredients inside vaccines, and their documented side effects. It will aid you in making informed decisions, which is something the industry seems to be against. The corporations involved have attempted to suppress this information for decades. Readers are advised that there are additional chemicals and toxins not mentioned, because we had to base this list upon ingredients that are already public knowledge.

The connection to autism has already been repeatedly established, and there are many other conditions caused by vaccines. Permanent paralysis (Guillain Barré syndrome) is surprisingly common, for example. Vaccines are said to prevent certain diseases. However, the chance of catching these diseases is incredibly remote, and the horrid side effects from vaccines are so common that vaccines overall cause much more harm than good. The chance that a particular vaccine will actually offer protection varies between 35% and 90%, and almost all of them lose effectiveness over time. In some cases, vaccines infect patients with the very diseases that they were meant to offer protection from, because they utilize live viral strains.

"A single vaccine given to a 6 pound infant is the equivalent of giving a 180 lb. adult 30 vaccines in one day."

-- Dr. Boyd Haley

Vaccine Ingredient: Aborted Baby Fetus Tissue and Human Albumin

Did you ever wonder if aborted babies were sold to the pharmaceutical industry? Now you know. From a health perspective, the tissues from another human are foreign tissues, and therefore toxic to the body. One industry-friendly web site matter-of-factly boasted:

"The cells reproduce themselves, so there is no need to abort additional fetuses to sustain the culture supply. Viruses are collected from the diploid cell cultures and then processed further to produce the vaccine itself".

The Liberty Counsel reported:

"You may be surprised to learn that some vaccinations are derived from aborted fetal tissue. Vaccines for chicken pox, Hepatitis-A, and Rubella were produced solely from aborted fetal tissue".

Vaccine Ingredient: Formaldehyde

This ingredient is used in vaccines as a tissue fixative, and preservative. Formaldehyde is oxidized in the human body to become formic acid. Formic acid is the main ingredient of bee and ant venom. Concentrated, it is corrosive and an irritant. While absorbing the oxygen of the body, it may lead to acidosis, nerve, liver and kidney damage. According to the National Research Council, fewer than 20% but perhaps more than 10% of the general population may be susceptible to extreme formaldehyde toxicity, and may violently react to exposure at any level. Formaldehyde is ranked as one of the most hazardous compounds on ecosystems and human health, according to the Environmental Defense Fund. These findings are merely for environmental exposure, and therefore, the dangers are much greater with the formaldehyde included in vaccines, since it is injected directly into the blood. The known effects of environmental formaldehyde exposure are:

Eye, nasal, throat and pulmonary irritation Acute sense of smell due to altered tissue proteins Anaemia Antibodies formation Apathy Blindness Blood in urine Blurred vision Body aches Bronchial spasms Bronchitis Burns nasal and throat Cardiac impairment Palpitations and arrhythmias Central nervous system depression Changes in higher cognitive functions Chemical sensitivity Chest pains and tightness Chronic vaginitis Colds Coma Conjunctivitis Constipation Convulsions Corneal erosion Cough Death Destruction of red blood cells Depression Dermatitis Diarrhea Difficulty concentrating Disorientation Dizziness Ear aches Eczema Emotional upsets Ethmoid polyps Fatigue Fecula bleeding Foetal asphyxiation Flu-like or "common cold" illness Frequent urination with pain Gastritis Astrointestinal inflammation Headaches Haemolytic anaemia Haemolytic haematuria Hoarseness Hyperactive airway disease Hyperactivity Hypomenstrual syndrome Immune system sensitizer Impaired (short) attention span Impaired capacity to attain attention

Inability or difficulty swallowing Inability to recall words and names Inconsistent I.Q. profiles Inflammatory diseases of the reproductive organs Intestinal pain Intrinsic asthma Irritability Jaundice Joint pain Aches and swelling Kidney pain Laryngeal spasm Loss of memory Loss of sense of smell Loss of taste Malaise Menstrual and testicular pain Menstrual irregularities Metallic taste Muscle spasms and cramps Nasal congestions Crusting and mucosa inflammation Nausea Nosebleeds Numbness and tingling of the forearms and finger tips Pale clammy skin Partial laryngeal paralysis Pneumonia Post nasal drip Pulmonary oedema Reduced body temperature Retarded speech pattern Ringing or tingling in the ear Schizophrenic-type symptoms Sensitivity to sound Shock Short term memory loss Shortness of breath Skin lesions Sneezing Sore throat Spacey feeling Speaking difficulty Sterility Swollen glands Tearing Thirst Tracheitis Tracheobronchitis Vertigo Vomiting blood Vomiting Wheezing

Vaccine Ingredient: Mercury

Mercury compounds are used in vaccines as preservatives. The toxicity of mercury has been repeatedly ignored in the area of vaccines by the medical establishment and oversight agencies. Mercury is the second most poisonous element known to mankind (second only to uranium and its derivatives). Brain neurons rapidly and permanently disintegrate in the presence of mercury within 30 minutes of exposure. Mercury is also known to change a body's chromosomes.

The U.S. Government has known about the potential problems of thimerosal (the mercury-containing preservative) for many years. The World Health Organization expressed concerns about it in 1990.

Mercury is a cumulative poison, which means the body has difficulty removing it, and that levels of it in the body will accumulate significantly over time. Large amounts of mercury can accumulate over a lifetime. During a typical day of routine vaccines, infants sometimes receive the same amount of mercury as the absolute maximum set by the World Health Organization for 3 months of adult exposure.

The following was taken from a website affiliated with the National Institutes of Health:

"Symptoms of high exposure to this class of mercury based compounds includes: Aphthous, Stomatitis, Satarrhal gingivitis, nausea, liquid stools, pain, liver disorder, injury to the cardiovascular system and hematopoietic system, deafness and ataxia. Death. Headache, paresthesia of the tongue, lips, fingers and toes, other non-specific dysfunctions, metallic taste, slight gastrointestinal disturbances, excessive flatus and diarrhea may occur. Acute poisoning may cause gastrointestinal irritation and renal failure. Early signs of severe poisoning include fine tremors of extended hands, loss of side vision, slight loss of coordination in the eyes, speech, writing and gait, inability to stand or carry out voluntary movements, occasional muscle atrophy and flexure contractures, generalized myoclonic movements, difficulty understanding ordinary speech, irritability and bad temper progressing to mania, stupor, coma, mental retardation in children, skin irritation, blisters and dermatitis. Other symptoms include chorea, athetosis, tremors, convulsions, pain and numbness in the extremities, nephritis, salivation, loosening of the teeth, blue line on the gums, anxiety, mental depression, insomnia, hallucinations and central nervous system effects. Exposure may also cause irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract."

Complete intolerance to thimerosal is known to develop from previous vaccines. The vaccines stimulate the immune system and cause a sensitization. The neurologic toxicity symptoms caused by mercury compounds have a delayed onset after exposure, so few, if any of these symptoms will be noticed at the time of exposure. The mercury of vaccines causes the suspected long-term neurological symptoms like learning disabilities and behavior disorders, which did not exist in previous generations.

Vaccine Ingredient: Antifreeze


Antifreeze (ethylene glycol) is an ingredient of the polio vaccine. It is classified as a "very toxic material". It would take less than a tablespoonful to kill a 20-pound dog with this substance. Pet owners are generally cautious with this dangerous substance, knowing that only a small amount is fatal. For humans, it is directly injected into the blood through vaccinations.

Antifreeze exposure can eventually lead to kidney, liver, blood and central nervous system disorders. It is quite harmful and likely fatal if swallowed. Effects include behavioral disorders, drowsiness, vomiting, diarrhea, visual disturbances, thirst, convulsions, cyanosis, rapid heart rate, depression, cardiopulmonary effects and kidney disorders. It can also lead to liver and blood disorders. It produces reproductive and developmental effects in experimental animals.

Vaccine Ingredient: Aluminum

Aluminum is a suspected carcinogen. It is a cardiovascular (blood) toxicant, neurotoxicant, and respiratory toxicant. It has been implicated as a cause of brain damage, and is a suspected factor in Alzheimer's disease, dementia, convulsions, and comas. It has been placed on at least 2 federal regulatory lists. It is well known in alternative medicine as a toxic and accumulative heavy metal.

Vaccine Ingredient: 2-Phenoxyethanol

This is a suspected carcinogen. It is a developmental and reproductive toxicant. It is also a metabolic poison, which means that it interferes with the metabolism of all cells. This is the primary factor in the formation of cancer cells. It is capable of disabling the immune system's primary response. It also contains phenol (see below for explanation).

Vaccine Ingredient: Phenol

This is a suspected carcinogen, and a cardiovascular and blood toxicant. It is also known as carbolic acid. It is a developmental toxin, gastrointestinal toxin, liver toxin, kidney toxin, neurotoxin, respiratory toxin, skin or sense organ toxin. It has been placed on at least 8 federal regulatory watch lists.

Vaccine Ingredient: Methanol

This is a volatile, flammable, poisonous liquid alcohol. In industry, it is used as a solvent, and an antifreeze compound in fuel. In the body it is metabolized into formaldehyde (described earlier). Whilst it can be found naturally in the pectin that is present in some common fruits, the naturally occurring variant is only in minute quantities, and the organic form is not known to cause any harmful effects.

Vaccine Ingredient: Borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate)

This was traditionally used as a pesticide and ant killer. It is suspected to be a cardiovascular or blood toxicant, endocrine toxicant, gastrointestinal toxicant, liver toxicant and neurological toxicant. It was found to cause reproductive damage and reduced fertility rates in studies on rats. It is already banned in foods in the United States due to its toxicity; but astonishingly, it is still allowed for direct injection into the blood through vaccines. It is toxic to all cells, and it has a slow excretion rate through the kidneys. Kidney retention and toxicity are the greatest. It has a cascading effect after causing kidney impairment, causing liver degeneration, cerebral edema, and gastroenteritis.

Vaccine Ingredient: Glutaraldehyde

Glutaraldehyde is always toxic, causing severe eye, nose, throat and lung irritations, along with headaches, drowsiness, and dizziness. The effects mirror the chemical warfare agent known as nerve gas. It is poisonous if ingested, and known to cause birth defects in experimental animals. The effects of direct injection into the blood to bypass the process of ingestion are unknown. It is often used to clean medical equipment. In hospital accidents involving environmental exposure, it has been known to cause the following symptoms:

Throat and lung irritation Breathing difficulty Nose irritation, sneezing, and wheezing Nosebleeds Burning eyes and conjunctivitis

Rash-contact and/or allergic dermatitis Discoloring skin (brownish or tan) Hives Headaches Nausea

Vaccine Ingredient: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)

Monosodium glutamate is a synthetic flavor enhancer. In a 1995 report by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, two groups of people were defined as intolerant of MSG. This includes those who eat large quantities of MSG and those with "poorly controlled asthma". Our research indicates that anyone can suffer after consuming monosodium glutamate; especially if they are deficient in either taurine or magnesium. In the 1995 report, which was contracted by the F.D.A., there was public admission that MSG yields the following symptoms:

• Burning sensation in the back of the neck, forearms and chest
• Numbness in the back of the neck, radiating to the arms and back
• Tingling, warmth, and weakness in the face, temples, upper back, neck and arms
• Facial pressure or tightness
• Chest pain
• Headache
• Nausea
• Rapid heartbeat
• Bronchospasm (difficulty breathing)
• Drowsiness
• Weakness

Note that this is the short list (the one with side effects that the F.D.A. actually admits) and it does not consider the higher toxicity of direct injection into the blood. The long list, which is 15 times longer, includes heart attacks. Injections of glutamate in laboratory animals have resulted in rapid damage to nerve cells in the brain. MSG is in a special class of chemicals called excitotoxins, which are known to directly attack brain cells. In 1978, MSG was banned from baby foods and other baby products for infants who were less than one year of age, because the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Academy of Sciences expressed concerns. It is now being used in these products again, in addition to being added to childhood vaccines.

Vaccine Ingredients: Sulfate and phosphate compounds

These can trigger severe allergies in children which may last throughout their lives to permanently impair their immune systems.

Vaccine Ingredient: Ammonium Sulfate

This is yet another carcinogen. Ammonium sulfate is prepared by mixing ammonia with sulfuric acid. It is used as a chemical fertilizer for alkaline soils to lower the pH of soils. In the body, it stresses the immune system by causing acidosis. Ammonium sulfate is also a liver toxicant, neurotoxicant, and respiratory toxicant.

Vaccine Ingredient: Gentamicin Sulfate

This is a strong antibiotic, which is often used for life-threatening illnesses like pneumonia. The known side effects follow:

Muscle twitching Numbness Seizures Elevated blood pressure Purpura P Pseudotumor cerebri Photosensitivity when used topically Transient irritation Vesicular and maculopapular dermatitis Stinging Bacterial/fungal corneal ulcers. Nonspecific conjunctivitis

Inflammation Angioneurotic edema Urticaria Alopecia Burning Mydriasis Conjunctival paresthesia Conjunctival hyperemia Conjunctival epithelial defects Eyelid itching and swelling Itching

Vaccine Ingredient: Neomycin Sulfate

We can only speculate about what damage this causes when injected directly into the blood of infants. It interferes with vitamin B-6 absorption, which is the cause of a rare form of epilepsy, and mental retardation. Adult patients given neomycin as an antibiotic are typically placed under close clinical observation (e.g. hospitalized) so that intensive care intervention is immediately available. Neurotoxicity has been reported, along with nephrotoxicity, and permanent bilateral auditory ototoxicity. Sometimes vestibular toxicity is present in patients with normal renal function when treated with higher or longer doses than recommended.

Vaccine Ingredient: Tri(n)butylphosphate

This is yet another carcinogen. This is a kidney toxicant, and a neurotoxicant. It is more hazardous than most chemicals in 2 out of 3 ranking systems. It is on at least 1 federal regulatory list.

Vaccine Ingredient: Polymyxin B

This is another antibiotic. Injection of this is generally avoided by doctors (except in the case of vaccines) due to "severe pain at injection sites, particularly in infants and children".
Known side effects:

• Albuminuria
• Cylindruria
• Azotemia
• Facial flushing
• Dizziness progressing to ataxia
• Drowsiness
• Peripheral paresthesias: circumoral and stocking-glove.
• Apnea
• Signs of meningeal irritation with intrathecal administration

Vaccine Ingredient: Polysorbate 20 / 80 Emulsifier

This is a suspected carcinogen. It is a known skin and sense organ toxin. It is verified as a cancer agent in animals.

Vaccine Ingredient: Sorbitol (Sweetener)

Diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy may be related to excess sorbitol in the cells of the eyes and nerves, leading to blindness. This is another suspected carcinogen. Sorbitol is a gastrointestinal and liver toxicant.

Vaccine Ingredient: Polyribosylribitol

This is an experimental artificial sweetener. The experimentation is ongoing in children, without the knowledge or consent of their parents.

Vaccine Ingredient: Beta-Propiolactone

Documented as a verified carcinogen. It is a gastrointestinal and liver toxicant, respiratory toxicant, skin toxicant, and sense organ toxicant. It is more hazardous than most chemicals earning a 3 out of 3 in ranking systems. It appears on at least 5 federal regulatory lists. It is ranked as one of the most hazardous compounds to humans.

Vaccine Ingredient: Amphotericin B

This can cause irreversible kidney damage, and mild liver failure. It has been known to produce severe histamine (allergic) reactions. There are several reports of anemia and cardiac failure. It is used used to treat fungus infections. Other side effects include blood clots, blood defects, kidney problems, nausea and fever. When used on the skin, allergic reactions can occur.

Vaccine Ingredients: Animal Organ Tissue and Animal Blood

Animal cell lines are used to culture the viruses in vaccines, so animal tissues and impurities are included in the formulation that is injected. Animal tissues are unusable and toxic to the body except for when their protein materials are digested to form amino acids through normal food consumption. There is no digestion process for injections. Injections may also contain many types of animal viruses (see the Animal Viruses section). Animals used include monkey (kidney), cow (heart), calf (serum), chicken (embryo and egg), duck (egg), pig (blood), sheep (blood), dog (kidney), horse (blood), rabbit (brain), guinea pig, etc.

Vaccine Ingredient: Large Foreign Proteins

In addition to the animal tissue impurities, there are large proteins that are deliberately included, and used for such purposes as adjuvants (substances that aggravate an immune response using their inherent toxicity). Egg albumin and gelatin (or gelatine, obtained from selected pieces of calf and cattle skins, demineralized cattle bones and pork skin) are in several vaccines. Casein (milk protein) is in the triple antigen (DPT vaccine). When injected, these normally harmless proteins are toxic to the body. Hence the immune system "response". The immune system is intentionally stressed by this invasion to produce an unnatural sensitization to all of the ingredients. The body will become further sensitive to these substances in the future, rather than becoming immune to them. So, the basic premise of vaccinations, which the public has been sold, is false. This explains why bizarre allergies such as lactose intolerance, egg, and nut allergies have suddenly become common in recent history.

Vaccine Ingredient: Latex

Latex is included in the hepatitis B vaccine, which is given routinely to health workers. The high occurrence of latex allergies among nurses is due to their sensitization to latex through the large amount of chemical rubber that is injected into them. These vaccines produce a panicked immune response. The nurses will suffer with this allergy permanently. Such allergic reactions can be life-threatening. The hepatitis B vaccine is now routinely given to newborn babies in many countries, including Australia, and the United States.

Vaccine Ingredient: Animal Viruses


Some of these can be particularly alien to the human body. The most frequently documented and publicized example is the monkey virus SV40. The virus is harmless in monkeys, but it stimulates rare cancers when injected into humans producing brain (tumors), bone (e.g. multiple myeloma), lungs (mesothelioma), and lymphoid tissue (lymphoma). Monkey Virus SV40 has only appeared in people born in the last 20 years (The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Sept. 1999), long after the manufacturer claimed to have "cleaned up" the polio vaccines where it was initially found. Such cases include the late Alexander Horwin, both of whose parents tested negative for SV40. Therefore, recent cases cannot just be blamed on inheritance from parents who received the vaccine. It proves that manufacturers are secretly including the virus again.

Vaccine Ingredient: Human Viruses

The live viruses found in some vaccines are frequently said to be killed, inactivated, or attenuated. This is a myth. The main method used to inactivate viruses is treatment with formaldehyde. Its effectiveness is limited and temporary. Once the brew is injected into the body, the formaldehyde is broken down: potentially releasing the virus in its original state. It is documented in orthodox medical literature that these "crippled" viruses can revert to their former virulence.

The viruses and bacteria included in vaccines are claimed to be in very small volume. However, these quantities are high enough for the diseases to occur in some people. Most of the diseases that people are vaccinated against no longer occur in the Western world, and only ever result from the vaccines. When they do occur, the vaccine-induced cases are always more severe than normal infections of the same pathogens, and these cases are sometimes fatal. Deaths have been reported in the British medical journal, Lancet, from vaccine-induced yellow fever. A susceptible person may succumb to infection when exposed to only a minute dose, especially when it is injected directly into the blood stream. Likewise, there are other cases in which a healthy person will not succumb, even when exposed to large doses environmentally. It is not the pathogens, but the interaction methods between pathogens and hosts which causes diseases to appear, and determines their severity.

Most disease symptoms are the visible signs of a body's attempts to defend itself against the infection. With disease injections, many important defenses in the digestion path and mucous membranes are bypassed.

Vaccine Ingredient: Mycoplasma

These are microscopic organisms lacking rigid cell walls and they are considered to be the smallest free-moving organisms. Many are pathogenic, and one species is the cause of mycoplasma pneumonia which interestingly, is noted to occur only "in children and young adults", according to Mosby's Medical Dictionary. This is not simply in vaccines by accident. It is deliberately added as an adjuvant (to increase the immune system's allergic response) to the vaccine.

Vaccine Ingredient: Genetically Engineered Yeast

This is in the hepatitis B vaccine. Given the controversy over the ingestion of genetically modified foods, how much more dangerous could the direct injection of them be?

Vaccine Ingredient: Foreign DNA

DNA is used from such organisms as animals, viruses, fungi, and bacteria. It has been documented that injecting foreign DNA can cause it, or a portion of it, to be incorporated into the recipient's DNA. The horrendous long-term multi-generational implications defy the imagination.

Final Thoughts

The human body has never experienced such a direct invasion as this before. We hope that you consider this list, and the side effects of vaccines before giving your child vaccinations. We have strong reasons to believe that overall, the risks of horrible and long-term side effects far outweigh the risks of the diseases that vaccines are supposed to prevent.

Human blood is supposed to be, and traditionally was, remarkably sterile. There were few bacteria or organisms present in the blood stream. With vaccines now being so prevalent, this is no longer the case. Contrary to what we have been told, they weaken the immune system dramatically instead of strengthening it. In the United States, the hepatitis B vaccine is given to a child on the day of his birth, often weakening his immune system for his lifetime. His small body is just becoming accustomed to the germs around him for the first time, and he needs the strong immune system that he was given to remain intact.

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More about → Vaccine Ingredients and Vaccine Secrets by Sarah Corriher

Appendicitis

What is appendicitis?

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. The appendix is located in the right lower abdomen at the lower end of the colon. (See Figure 1) To this date, researchers still have not found the purpose of the appendix.

Figure 1: The Appendix

Photo Courtesy of: colonista.com

The appendix is a small sack like structure that protrudes from the colon wall. This sack can become filled with debris and colon material and become inflamed and infected. This can cause intestinal blockage and the infection can spread to the entire abdomen.

This condition is most common among older children and younger adults between the ages of 10 and 30 years of age. The symptoms can often mimic other conditions and are hard to diagnose. Many appendicitis sufferers will put off treatment too long and the complication of untreated appendicitis is sepsis, where the infection enters the bloodstream. This complication requires extensive antibiotic treatment in the hospital and can be fatal.

Any infection or inflammation in the appendix is an emergency and anyone with signs or symptoms of appendicitis must be evaluated right away. This will prevent serious complications and the spread of the infection to other parts of the body. The pus resulting from appendicitis can also spread throughout the abdominal cavity, resulting in a condition called peritonitis. (See Figure 2)

Figure 2: Inflamed Appendix

Photo Courtesy of: WebMD.com

What causes appendicitis?

It is not completely understood why appendicitis occurs. The condition may be the result of a secondary bacterial infection after someone has had a virus. Viral infections of the abdomen can cause the intestines to slow down and become blocked preventing the appendix from emptying itself. The contents then become stagnant and allow for bacterial growth. This is where many people may avoid medical care, thinking they just have a stomach virus.

Normally the appendix is able to clean itself out periodically with normal bowel movements. If the opening to the appendix becomes blocked then it can become infected quickly and the infection can spread in a matter of hours. (See Figure 3)

Figure 3: Intestinal Blockage

Photo Courtesy of: Pennmedicine.org

On rare occasion, intestinal tumors or cancer can be the cause of appendicitis. Also, abdominal surgery in other areas of the abdomen can cause scar tissue that can constrict and block the area of the appendix. This is why post-surgical patients are encouraged to stay on a clear liquid diet until bowel sounds fully return after surgery. Eating with a “sleepy” bowel can cause obstruction.

What are the symptoms of appendicitis?

Appendicitis symptoms can come slowly and be vague. This is why many people delay evaluation and treatment. The first symptom is usually pain around the belly button. Some people also experience pain in the left lower abdomen, leading them away from the thought of appendicitis. This is called referred pain. Other symptoms can include;

• ·         Pain in the lower right abdomen 12 to 24 hours after belly button pain starts
• ·         Minimal or no appetite
• ·         Nausea
• ·         Vomiting
• ·         Low grade fever 99◦ F to 101◦ F
• ·         Pain with coughing or sneezing
• ·         Chills
• ·         Diarrhea
• ·         Constipation
• ·         Pain on rebound when the abdomen is pressed
• ·         Not passing gas
• ·         Sudden pain and then relief (In cases of rupture)

These symptoms are especially serious if they follow recent abdominal surgery. This could indicate an intestinal blockage and appendicitis is a secondary infection. If you have any symptoms of appendicitis, it is extremely important not to have anything to eat or drink on the way to the hospital. They will want you fasting in case you need emergency surgery.

How is appendicitis diagnosed?

Appendicitis can be diagnosed with imaging studies such as; CT scan, abdominal x-ray and ultrasound. The doctor may also order these lab tests to check for infection and electrolyte loss due to vomiting or diarrhea:

Complete Blood Count Checks for the amount of white blood cells in the bloodstream and is a strong indicator of infection in the body. This test will help the doctor make the decision if the patient needs antibiotic treatment in the hospital prior to surgery.

Renal Panel Checks the electrolytes in the body such as; sodium and potassium. These electrolytes are lost from vomiting and diarrhea resulting in dehydration. People who lose these electrolytes need to have them replaced quickly.

Urinalysis Appendicitis and Kidney stones or bladder infections can mimic each other. The doctor will run a urinalysis to help confirm that the symptoms are truly appendicitis and not a urinary cause. This can also help the doctor see the degree of dehydration in a patient.

How is appendicitis treated?

Uncomplicated appendicitis is treated with surgery as soon as the patient is stable. If the infection has not spread to other areas of the abdomen or the bloodstream, a surgeon will remove the appendix. This is usually a quick procedure and the patient is released from the hospital within one day.

If the appendicitis becomes complicated by the spread of infection, the patient will need to be hospitalized on intravenous antibiotics until the infection is cleared. This could take days and up to weeks depending on how bad the infection became. This is usually the result of delaying evaluation and treatment.

The surgeon will remove the appendix after the infection has cleared, possible in the same hospital stay but sometimes the surgeon will allow the patient to completely recover and schedule the surgery for a date in the near future. The patient is then sent home on a clear liquid or soft diet to recover until surgery is performed.

Other reasons the surgeon may delay surgery is when the diagnosis of appendicitis is questioned. This is especially common in young children where appendicitis can be difficult to diagnose. The structures in and around the area of the appendix are so tiny that it may be hard to see on ultrasound or CT that the appendix is actually inflamed.

How can appendicitis be prevented?

The only preventative measure with appendicitis is complying with bowel rest after surgery or during a viral abdominal infection. If you have either of these conditions, it is extremely important to take only clear liquids and advance the diet slowly as bowel function returns. (See Figure 4)

Figure 4: Clear Liquid Diet

Photo Courtesy of greatredsharkblog.com

In cases where the cause of appendicitis occurs without explanation, there is no prevention. Researchers still cannot explain why many cases of appendicitis happen; therefore it is not completely clear what can be done to prevent them.

Conclusion

Appendicitis is a dangerous condition and anyone with signs or symptoms of this condition needs to be evaluated immediately in the emergency room. The appendix can rupture and cause severe complications very quickly if left untreated.

Always follow your doctor’s orders and stay on clear liquids until the bowels are functional to prevent intestinal blockage, prior to appendicitis and after having the appendix removed. With good compliance, the complications of appendicitis can be minimized.

More about → Appendicitis

Best Ways to Lose Extra Pounds

Many of us have had weight problems at least once in the life. When the extra pounds become a problem, each of us is trying to get rid of them and we search for the best weight loss program. We all know very well that the extra pounds influences our lives, make us lose confidence in ourselves, be ashamed of the way we look.

Nowadays there are many methods of weight loss, from food diets to slimming exercises and pills that promise to do wonders for your body. In many commercials companies promote their products as the best solution to get rid of extra pounds in no time. The temptation is great and many people get to use all sorts of products and keep all sorts of very severe food diets hoping for miraculous results. Some of these methods indeed give the desired result, making people happy at the moment because they have managed to lose weight, but after giving up the product they are amazed to notice that as quickly as they got off those pounds, they start again taking weight, sometimes more than the loss weight.

Before you decide which method you will follow to get rid of extra pounds you must be informed about that method, and nowadays information became easily accessible through the internet, with a few clicks you can find information about the results of each method and even opinions of those who used that method. It is true that every body is different and not all react the same way, but if a product is really good you will surely find more positive opinions than negative ones.

Besides the fact that you may regain the pounds that you struggled to get rid of, many of the products available on the market contain chemicals harmful to the body, so that in time may appear different diseases caused by them, or in the worst case, they can contain addictive substances. Therefore you must be very well informed about the product you want to use.

Besides this, before starting a weight loss program, you should first check which is the cause that led to weight gain because it can be a health issue and then you first have to solve this problem and then have to worry about losing weight. In addition, you can spend money on all sorts of products that should help get rid of extra pounds, but that have no effect because of the disturbance you suffer . Weight disorders may have more health-related causes such as stress or hormonal disorder caused by thyroid disease, so be wise to do some analysis before you start any weight loss program.

If you have done this, and you have no health problem, then you can search for a weight loss program that is suitable. Do not be impressed by the methods that are supposed to wonder would you get rid of a lot of pounds in a little while because as I said is not always so. The safest and surest way to get rid of extra pounds remains changing your diet and lifestyle, and of course the exercises play a very important role in this process, so if possible try to do some exercise every day, regardless if you go jog in the park or prefer to go to the gym.

More about → Best Ways to Lose Extra Pounds

Importance of Healthy Food Consumption to Lose Weight

Even if you don't have problems with weight, to keep you in shape and to be healthy, is good to have an exercise program for at least three times a week and have a diet that comprises a wide range of nutrients. Although everyone knows that the foods we eat are directly related to our weight and our health, not everybody knows how to combine foods so as to bring the daily intake of elements that our body needs to function at maximum capacity.

To achieve this, we must learn to eat healthier, and eliminate from our diet foods that are not beneficial to our body, and also must take care that the intake of calories is not to low or to high, calories in a maintenance diet should not exceed 2000 calories per day. If you are overweight and want to get rid of extra pounds, it is recommended that the number of calories to be about 1500 calories per day, which is sufficient for the body to function at normal parameters. You should not starve yourself in the hope that you will easily get rid of extra pounds, because it would be a shock to your body to not receive the necessary nutrients, and when you will eat something it will begin to transform food into fat deposits to prepare for the period when it will again not receive the necessary elements. So starvation is the worst thing you can do when you want to lose weight and then maintain your desired weight, because the body will fight back and when you will begin to eat normally, the extra pound that you lost till that moment, will be submitted in a greater number intro a very short period of time.

So if you want to be sure that the pounds you lose don't came back , you must have patience and try to change your eating lifestyle and not just for a short period of time but for life. Many regard this thing as a dramatic one but it is not true, you can still enjoy the small pleasures such as chocolate, but you just have to make sure the amount you eat and do so as not to exceed the recommended number of calories a day, for example, if you eat chocolate intro day, you can opt out at dinner when you can have a fruit or a yogurt, foods with a very low calorie content.

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Vaccination - A Peek Beneath The Hood by Roman Bystrianyk and Suzanne Humphries, MD

“It is dangerous to let the public behind the scenes. They are easily disillusioned and then they are angry with you, for it was the illusion they loved.”
– W. Somerset Maugham

Medical history books, almost uniformly extol the virtues of vaccination. Upon reading these books, one is left with the impression that during the 1800s and into the 1900s, there were rampant plagues that killed countless scores of people and that, because of vaccines, this is no longer the case. This is certainly what we believed growing up, and most people we talk to have a similar impression. It generally permeates society as an established fact.

It is difficult to underestimate the contribution of immunization to our well-being. It has been estimated that, were it not for childhood vaccinations against diphtheria, pertussis, measles, mumps, smallpox, and rubella, as well as protection afforded by vaccines against tetanus, cholera, yellow fever, polio, influenza, hepatitis B, bacterial pneumonia, and rabies, childhood death rates would probably hover in the range of 20 to 50%. Indeed, in countries where vaccination is not practiced, the death rates among infants and young children remain at that level. [1]

Paul Offit talks in his recent book Deadly Choices—How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All about how the whooping cough vaccine has reduced deaths from that disease from 7,000 to only 30.

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a devastating infection. Before a vaccine was first used in the United States in the 1940s, about three hundred thousand cases of whooping cough caused seven thousand deaths every year, almost all in young children. Now, because of the pertussis vaccine, fewer than thirty children die every year from the disease. But times are changing. [2]

This type of information can even be found in medical journals. A lengthy study on whooping cough and the whooping cough vaccine was published in 1988 in the journal Pediatrics. The first paragraph of the paper states the following:

In the United States, pertussis has been successfully controlled by routine mass immunization of infants and children. In the prevaccine era, there were 115,000 to 270,000 cases of pertussis and 5,000 to 10,000 deaths due to the disease each year. During the last 10 years, there have been 1,200 to 4,000 cases and five to ten deaths per year. [3]

That paragraph set the tone for the rest of the article by indicating that thousands of people died each year from whooping cough, but after the DTP vaccine was introduced, very few died. Anyone who believed this statement would, of course, believe in the benefit of the vaccine.

The problem with these statements is that they are not supported by the evidence. When we look at the actual data, we see that although many people did die from whooping cough in the early part of the 1900s, by the time the vaccine had been introduced the death rate in the United States had declined by more than 90 percent. Using the source that was referenced to make the statement in the Pediatrics paper, we see that the decline in deaths from the peak was approximately 92 percent before the introduction of the DTP vaccine. [4]

The article in the journal Pediatrics is quite damaging because it would have been read primarily by doctors, leaving many with the impression that vaccines were completely responsible for the decline in deaths. The actual number of deaths by the time of the introduction of the DTP vaccine was approximately 1,200—not the 5,000 to 10,000 often cited. Again, this faulty thinking that vaccines were responsible for the lion’s share of mortality decline is pervasive in all corners of society.

An additional important point to notice is that when looking at the graph you can clearly see that each year the trend was that of a decrease in deaths from whooping cough. At the point the vaccine was introduced there was no apparent effect in the downward trend.

Another data set from England starting at the beginning of the 20th century shows the lack of impact of the vaccines even more dramatically. Here you can see that the death rate had fallen by over 98% before the national use of the DTP vaccine in the 1950s.

England began keeping statistics in 1838, which was 62 years before official U.S. statistics were gathered. Looking at this data, we can see that the death rate from infectious diseases was high during the 1800s and declined from the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s to almost zero. Looking at the whooping coughs death from England, deaths had decreased by more than 99 percent before any vaccine.

In the case of measles, the death rate had declined by almost 100 percent.

Analysis of the data shows this often-repeated mantra that vaccines were key in the decline of infectious disease deaths is a fallacy. Deaths had decreased by massive amounts before vaccinations. In the case of scarlet fever and other infectious diseases, deaths declined to near zero without any widespread vaccination.

Unfortunately, this erroneous belief has led people to trust in vaccination as the sole way to handle infectious diseases when there were clearly other factors that caused mortality to decline. Those factors were improved hygiene, sanitation, nutrition, labor laws, electricity, chlorination, refrigeration, pasteurization, and many other facets that we now generally take for granted as part of modern life. Very little of the improvement in the death rate had anything to do with medicine. A 1977 report estimated that, at best, approximately 3 percent of the mortality decline from infectious disease could be attributed to modern medical care.

In general, medical measures (both chemotherapeutic and prophylactic) appear to have contributed little to the overall decline in mortality in the United States since about 1900—having in many instances been introduced several decades after a marked decline had already set in and having no detectable influence in most instances. More specifically, with reference to those five conditions (influenza, pneumonia, diphtheria, whooping cough, and poliomyelitis) for which the decline in mortality appears substantial after the point of intervention—and on the unlikely assumption that all of this decline is attributable to the intervention . . . it is estimated that at most 3.5 percent of the total decline in mortality since 1900 could be ascribed to medical measures introduced for the diseases considered here. [5]

The emphasis today on more and more vaccines, is in part built on this ingrained thinking. The fact that deaths from infectious diseases declined so greatly before vaccines and antibiotics, is ignored. This lapse in study has created a situation where we could have learned a better way to manage all infections in a more comprehensive way. Yet, to this day, despite such a phenomenal transformation, we have failed to learn the lessons of this history. The solutions that led to a 99 percent decline in death has been ignored, with the entire emphasis on the final 1 percent, which would have occurred anyway even without a vaccine.

However, in some corners, there is recognition that vaccines were not what caused the major decline in infectious disease mortality. They often erroneously point to antibiotics and improved medical care and grudgingly give some credit to sanitation and other factors. There is little curiosity as to how all these factors worked and how they still apply today. The shift on emphasis is now on the incidence of disease after vaccination with a decreased emphasis on mortality. The thinking goes that, by wiping out the disease with vaccines, there is no risk of death. This appears to be a reasonable approach. How well has it worked?

Let’s take whooping cough as an example. In 1979 Sweden withdrew use of the DTP vaccine on the basis that it was not effective and possibly unsafe. The fear, of course, would be that with lower vaccination rates, the death rate would increase. So what happened in this case?

A 1995 letter from Victoria Romanus at the Swedish Institute of Infectious Disease Control indicated that deaths from whooping cough remained near zero. Sweden’s population was 8,294,000 in 1979 and 8,831,000 by 1995. From 1981 to 1993, eight children were recorded as dying, with the cause of death listed as pertussis. This averaged to be about 0.6 children per year possibly dying from whooping cough. These numbers show that the odds of dying from pertussis in Sweden were about 1 in 13,000,000 even when there was no national vaccination program. [6]

In another case, DTP vaccination coverage in England dropped from about 78 percent to 30 or 40 percent because of concerns over safety. The assumption was that there would be an increase in deaths due to the decreased coverage. The years from 1976 to 1980 were the ones when vaccination rates were at their lowest. Using official statistics, the number of deaths in those years totaled 35. The deaths from the previous five years (1971 to 1975), while vaccination rates were higher, totaled 55, or about 1.5 times greater than when vaccination rates were lower. [7] This was directly opposite what is generally believed should have happened.

And have whooping cough rates really been controlled? The sad truth is that whooping cough never really went away and is endemic. Huge numbers of people still cough from Bordetella pertussis, the bacteria involved in whooping cough. Because of waning vaccine- immunity, up to one-third of persistent coughs are whooping cough.

Although pertussis traditionally has been considered a disease of childhood, it was well-documented in adults nearly a century ago and is currently recognized as an important cause of respiratory disease in adolescents and adults, including the elderly. Because of waning immunity, adult and adolescent pertussis can occur even when there is a history of full immunization or natural disease . . . Studies from Canada, Denmark, Germany, France, and the United States indicate that between 12 and 32% of adults and adolescents with a coughing illness for at least 1 week are infected with Bordetella pertussis. [8]

Let’s focus on another infectious disease—measles. Keep in mind that by 1963, almost no one died from measles. During this year, the whole of New England had only five deaths (Maine: 1, New Hampshire: 0, Vermont: 3, Massachusetts: 0, Rhode Island: 1, Connecticut: 0) that were attributed to measles. [9] Deaths from asthma were actually 56 times greater than from measles during that year.

But did incidence decline as vaccine proponents emphasize? There are some graphs you can find on the Internet that claim there was little decrease in incidence. The graph I have seen that shows this only has a few data points and a line between two distant points in time. This graph is of poor quality and draws an incorrect conclusion. Looking at more comprehensive incidence data, we can see a drop in incidence in 1963 at the introduction of the measles vaccine.

Measles incidence did apparently dramatically drop after 1963. But can this drop be completely attributed to the success of the measles vaccine? The early measles vaccine that contained “killed” virus was an aluminum-precipitated vaccine produced from formaldehyde-inactivated monkey kidney cell cultures. A study from 1967 revealed that the vaccine could cause pneumonia as well as encephalopathy (inflammation of the brain).

Pneumonia is a consistent and prominent finding. Fever is severe and persistent and the degree of headache, when present, suggests a central nervous system involvement. Indeed one patient in our series who was examined by EEG, evidence of disturbed electrical activity of the brain was found, suggestive of encephalopathy . . . These untoward results of inactivated measles virus immunization was unanticipated. The fact that they have occurred should impose a restriction on the use of inactivated measles virus vaccine. We now recommend that inactivated measles virus vaccine should no longer be administered. [10]

The killed vaccines were quickly abandoned. [11] But there were also significant issues with the live vaccines, which were not highly attenuated and produced a “modified measles” rash in about half of those injected—essentially equivalent to a case of measles. Forty-eight percent of people had rash, and 83 percent had fevers up to 106°F post-injection.

So how did measles incidence drop so dramatically after the 1963 vaccine? In part, it had to do with a definition. If you had a high fever and you had a vaccine, of course you didn’t have measles even if you were sicker than you would have been if you contracted measles naturally.

Back in the 1960s, it was expected that a single shot would protect you for life without serious effects, which would later turn out not to be true.

The United State Public Health Service licensed a new, refined, live-measles vaccine. Although several live vaccines have been licensed since 1963—all of them one-shot treatments that give life immunity without serious side-effects—the new one is considered by epidemiologists as “the best so far in minimizing the side-effects.” [12]

Claims were even made in the 1960s that only a certain number of children needed to be vaccinated in order to wipe out measles.

Measles, the “harmless” childhood disease that can kill, will be nearly eradicated from most areas of the country a year from now, officials of the United States Public Health Service predict . . . Although there are still more than 12 million susceptible children, vaccination of the “right” two million to four million youngsters could wipe out the disease, according to Dr. Robert J. Warren of the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta. [13]

More than a decade later, the objective of measles elimination was still not achieved. There were repeat epidemics that happened throughout the United States.

By 1989 the new theory on failure to eradicate was that the earlier vaccines were not as effective as originally believed. Some of the first vaccines mass produced in 1963 contained a killed virus. In 1989 Dr. Feigin of Texas Children’s Hospital stated that he believed the 1963 vaccine was “not widely effective” and that the 1967 vaccine was unsta¬ble and lost its “effectiveness” if not properly refrigerated. It was not until 1980 that a stable live measles vaccine became available. [14]

In the same year, after three types of measles vaccines had failed to produce eradication or even predictable herd immunity, vaccine scientists changed course from one shot and stated that, in using the new live vaccine, two doses would be required for reliable protection. They also recommended that everyone under the age of 32 be revaccinated because the old vaccines they received were inadequate. The single shot once promised to provide lifelong immunity against measles in the 1960s was never produced.

And was the measles incidence declining before 1963 anyway? Looking at the measles incidence data, the trend line shows that incidence was on the decline.

In fact, if that trend line held, measles incidence would have hit zero by around the year 2000. This is actually the year when the CDC declared measles had been eliminated from the United States.

So were all these vaccines worth the cost, effort, and adverse reactions to tackle what was by 1963 considered a mild childhood illness?

When we hear about vaccines, we are often told a simple story of how they stimulate antibodies. The theory goes that the stimulation of antibodies creates a memory of a disease so the next time you encounter it, your body will quickly defeat the enemy. It’s a nice, simple, and easy-to-remember story.

Believing you understand the immune system because you hear the words “antibodies” and “protection” mentioned together is like thinking you know how a car really works because you see it has wheels. The immune system is a highly complex, still-poorly understood entity, composed of many different cell lines, each producing different chemicals that are released into the blood. These chemicals are used by the body and are affected by age, stress, nutritional status, environment, and a whole host of factors that are barely understood.

“. . . the immune system remains a black box,” says Garry Fathman, MD, a professor of immunology and rheumatology and associate director of the Institute for Immunology, Transplantation and Infection . . . “It’s staggeringly complex, comprising at least 15 different interacting cell types that spew dozens of different molecules into the blood to communicate with one another and to do battle. Within each of those cells sit tens of thousands of genes whose activity can be altered by age, exercise, infection, vaccination status, diet, stress, you name it. . . . That’s an awful lot of moving parts. And we don’t really know what the vast majority of them do, or should be doing . . . [15]

The immune system is traditionally divided into the humoral immune system that is involved with antibodies and the cellular immune system that does not involve antibodies but entails the activation of various cells such as natural killer cells. What we do know is that, contrary to popular belief, antibodies are not necessary when it comes to full measles recovery.

. . . children with antibody deficiency syndromes have quite unremarkable attacks of measles with the characteristic rash and normal recovery. Furthermore, they are not unduly prone to reinfection. It therefore seems that serum antibody, at any rate in any quantity, is not required for the production of the measles rash; nor for the normal recovery from the disease; nor to prevent reinfection. [16]

Children with a deficit in antibody production, called agamma-globulinemia, recover from measles just as well as normal antibody producers, and this has been known since the late 1960s when vaccines were being developed and advanced. But antibody response is really the only thing that is talked about and promoted when it comes to vaccines. Because this knowledge disturbed the simplistic antibody-protection paradigm, it was considered a “disconcerting” discovery in this 1968 medical paper.

One of the most disconcerting discoveries in clinical medicine was the finding that children with congenital agamma-globulinaemia, who could make no antibody and had only insignificant traces of immunoglobulin in circulation, contracted measles in normal fashion, showed the usual sequence of symptoms and signs, and were subsequently immune. [17]

How does nutrition play a role in disease? Discovered in the 1920s, vitamin A was dubbed the “anti-infective” vitamin. It alone has a tremendous impact on measles deaths. During the 1990s, mortality reductions of 60 to 90 percent were measured in poor countries using vitamin A in hospitalized measles cases.

Combined analyses showed that massive doses of vitamin A given to patients hospitalized with measles were associated with an approximately 60% reduction in the risk of death overall, and with an approximate 90% reduction among infants . . . Administration of vitamin A to children who developed pneumonia before or during hospital stay reduced mortality by about 70% compared with control children. [18]

Availability of vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables was another factor in disease morbidity and mortality reduction. There were improving trends in overall nutrition, as seen by a parallel in the decline in deaths from measles and the vitamin C deficiency disease, scurvy. Experiments done in the 1940s showed that vitamin C was effective against measles, especially when used in higher doses.

During an epidemic [of measles] vitamin C was used prophylactically and all those who received as much as 1000 mg. every six hours, by vein or muscle, were protected from the virus. Given by mouth, 1000 mg. in fruit juice every two hours was not protective unless it was given around the clock. It was further found that 1000 mg. by mouth, four to six times each day, would modify the attack; with the appearance of Koplik’s spots and fever, if the administration was increased to 12 doses each 24 hours, all signs and symptoms would disappear in 48 hours. [19]

In the early 1900s, other treatments were being successfully used to treat measles. In 1919 Dr. Drummond commented that cinnamon oil was an effective prophylactic against measles or that it made measles milder.

It has been my practice, when I meet with a case of measles in a family, to prescribe a course of cinnamon for all unprotected members of the family. In the majority of cases the person so treated [with cinnamon] escaped the disease [measles] altogether, or else had it in very mild form. [20]

Nutrition and other factors have a big impact on measles, so why aren’t we talking about them at all? Because the emphasis is always on a single, highly lucrative medical procedure—vaccination. This sole paradigm has swept virtually all other strategies to the wayside.
Another key factor to consider is that measles vaccine does not create lifelong immunity, whereas natural infection with measles does. The only way to remain immune with artificial immunity via vaccines is to be vaccinated several times during a lifetime. We have not yet seen how the vaccine will play out over several generations of exclusively vaccinated people. Epidemics are likely to become more common in the future.

A 2009 study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society investigated what could happen with waning measles vaccine immunity even with high vaccine coverage among children. They predicted that, after a long disease-free period in the population, the introduction of infection will lead to far larger epidemics than predicted by standard models.

We can foresee that vaccination will have two conflicting effects . . . it will reduce the number of newborn susceptibles and hence should have some of the usual associated public-health benefits reducing the number of cases in young children. However, this reduction in cases will lead to a reduction in boosting and therefore a greater susceptibility to infection in older age classes . . . When immunity wanes, vaccination has a far more limited impact on the average number of cases. While this observation has clear public-health implications, the dynamic consequences of the interaction between vaccination, waning immunity and boosting are far more striking. For high levels of vaccination (greater than 80%) and moderate levels of waning immunity (greater than 30 years), large-scale epidemic cycles can be induced. [21]

A 1984 study [22] reported that by 2050, the proportion of measles susceptibles may be greater than in the pre-vaccine era. So have we created a ticking time bomb with waning immunity? Will there actually be bigger measles epidemics in the future? If there are, the response will probably be to blame the unvaccinated, which has in fact been done for over 100 years, and then to enforce more vaccinations upon different age groups.

Because of the zealous pro-vaccine bias that permeates society, the true forces that drove the major decline in deaths from infectious diseases are not acknowledged. At most, there is a slight admission that “sanitation” has some effect, but better medical care and antibiotics are still given the credit.

Groups of individuals who have anointed themselves as “skeptics” seek to derail anything that questions vaccination. The definition of skeptic used to be “one who instinctively or habitually doubts, questions, or disagrees with assertions or generally accepted conclusions,” but this definition in its modern usage has been hijacked and transformed to someone that essentially blindly supports any orthodox position as gospel. These people will continue on their crusade of supporting vaccines at all costs and to assail anything that might question their myopic view. If those people had a desire to learn the truth, perhaps they would peek beneath the hood of infectious diseases and vaccines, and learn a little more. Imagine what could be in the trunk!

Suzanne Humphries and Roman Bystrianyk are authors of Dissolving Illusions: Disease, Vaccines and the Forgotten History available on amazon.

Bibliography:

1. Irwin W. Sherman, Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World, 2007, p. 66.
2. Paul A. Offit, MD, Deadly Choices—How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All, 2011, p. xii.
3. James D. Cherry, MD MSc; Philip A. Brunell, MD; Gerald S. Golden, MD; and David T. Karzon, MD, “Report on the Task Force on Pertussis and Pertussis Immunization—1988,” Pediatrics, June 1988, vol. 81, no. 6, Part 2, p. 939.
4. Historical Statistics of the United States Colonial Times to 1970 Part 1, Bureau of the Census, 1975, pp. 77.
5. John B. McKinlay and Sonja M. McKinlay, “The Questionable Contribution of Medical Measures to the Decline of Mortality in the United States in the Twentieth Century,” The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, Health and Society, vol. 55, no. 3, summer 1977, p. 425.
6. Letter from Victoria Romanus, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology Swedish Institute of Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm Sweden, August 25, 1995.
7. Record of Mortality in England and Wales for 95 Years as Provided by the Office of National Statistics, 1997; Health Protection Agency Table: Notification of Deaths, England and Wales, 1970–2008.
8. Edward Rothstein, MD, and Kathryn Edwards, MD, “Health Burden of Pertussis in Adolescents and Adults,” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 24, no. 5, May 2005, p. S44.
9. Vital Statistics of the United States 1963, Vol. II—Mortality, Part A, pp. 1–18, 1–19, 1–21.
10. Vincent A. Fulginiti, MD; Jerry J. Eller, MD; Allan W. Downie, MD; and C. Henry Kempe, MD, “Altered Reactivity to Measles Virus: Atypical Measles in Children Previously Immunized with Inactivated Measles Virus Vaccines,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 202, no. 12, December 18, 1967, p. 1080.
11. “Measles Vaccine Effective in Test—Injections with Live Virus Protect 100 Per Cent of Children in Epidemics,” New York Times, September 14, 1961.
12. “Thaler to Hold State Senate Hearing to Find Fastest Way to Expedite Plan,” New York Times, February 24, 1965.
13. Jane E. Brody, “Measles Will Be Nearly Ended by ’67, U.S. Health Aides Say,” New York Times, May 24, 1966.
14. Lisa Belkin, “Measles, Not Yet a Thing of the Past, Reveals the Limits of an Old Vaccine,” New York Times, February 25, 1989.
15. B. Goldman, “The Bodyguard: Tapping the Immune System’s Secrets,” Stanford Medicine, summer 2011.
16. P. J. Lachmann, “Immunopathology of Measles,” Proceedings Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 67, November 1974, p. 1120.
17. “Measles as an Index of Immunological Function,” The Lancet, September 14, 1968, p. 611.
18. Wafaie W. Fawzi, MD; Thomas C. Chalmers, MD; M. Guillermo Herrera, MD; and Frederick Mosteller, PhD, “Vitamin A Supplementation and Child Mortality: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the American Medical Association, February 17, 1993, p. 901.
19. Fred R. Klenner, MD, “The Treatment of Poliomyelitis and Other Virus Diseases with Vitamin C,” Southern Medicine & Surgery, July 1949.
20. “Cinnamon as a Preventive of Measles,” American Druggist Pharmaceutical Record, New York, November 1919, p. 47.
21.J. M. Heffernan and M. J. Keeling, “Implications of Vaccination and Waning Immunity,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 276, 2009.
22. D. L. Levy, “The Future of Measles in Highly Immunized Populations: A Modeling Approach,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 120, no. 1, July 1984, pp. 39–48.

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